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The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801; 2 Stat. 89, and officially An act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States) expanded the federal judiciary of the United States. [1] The act was supported by the John Adams administration and the Federalist Party. [1]
The Marshall Court began in 1801, when President John Adams appointed Secretary of State John Marshall to replace the retiring Oliver Ellsworth.Marshall was nominated after former Chief Justice John Jay refused the position; many in Adams's party advocated the elevation of Associate Justice William Paterson, but Adams refused to nominate someone close to his intra-party rival, Alexander Hamilton.
Fourteen of the sixteen circuit court judges appointed by Adams were to positions created at the end of his tenure in office, in the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, which became known as the Midnight Judges Act. All of these offices were abolished by the repeal of this Act on July 1, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132.
5 U.S. 1 (1801) Marine salvage rights in time of war Marbury v. Madison: 5 U.S. 137 (1803) judicial review of laws enacted by the United States Congress: Stuart v. Laird: 5 U.S. 299 (1803) enforceability of rulings issued by judges who have since been removed from office Murray v. The Charming Betsey: 6 U.S. 64 (1804)
Public Laws [2]; Date Subject Matter Title Chapter Legal Citation (link to full text)1: February 8, 1790: Laws of the United States, giving effect to, in North Carolina. An Act for giving effect to the several acts therein mentioned, in respect to the state of North Carolina, and for other purposes.
Certificates of division could only be issued in criminal cases heard by a two-judge panel consisting of a United States district court judge and a Supreme Court justice riding circuit (the district judge or the circuit rider could also hear cases alone).
The Court lacked its own building until 1935; from 1791 to 1801, it met in Philadelphia's City Hall. The first Chief Justice of the United States was John Jay; the Court's first docketed case was Van Staphorst v. Maryland (1791), and its first recorded decision was West v. Barnes (1791). [2]
The Act restructured the circuit courts into six circuits, and assigned one Supreme Court justice to each circuit. Unlike the 1801 Act, no new circuit judgeships were created, so the justices were faced with having to return to the practice of "riding circuit" to hold court in each district within their circuit, along with the local district judge, during the majority of the year.