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Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time-dependent strain. Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid, viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside an amorphous material.
The standard linear solid (SLS), also known as the Zener model after Clarence Zener, [1] is a method of modeling the behavior of a viscoelastic material using a linear combination of springs and dashpots to represent elastic and viscous components, respectively.
A Kelvin–Voigt material, also called a Voigt material, is the most simple model viscoelastic material showing typical rubbery properties. It is purely elastic on long timescales (slow deformation), but shows additional resistance to fast deformation.
The ratio of the loss modulus to storage modulus in a viscoelastic material is defined as the , (cf. loss tangent), which provides a measure of damping in the material. tan δ {\displaystyle \tan \delta } can also be visualized as the tangent of the phase angle ( δ {\displaystyle \delta } ) between the storage and loss modulus.
Schematic of Maxwell–Wiechert model. The generalized Maxwell model also known as the Maxwell–Wiechert model (after James Clerk Maxwell and E Wiechert [1] [2]) is the most general form of the linear model for viscoelasticity.
The Oldroyd-B model is a constitutive model used to describe the flow of viscoelastic fluids. This model can be regarded as an extension of the upper-convected Maxwell model and is equivalent to a fluid filled with elastic bead and spring dumbbells. The model is named after its creator James G. Oldroyd. [1]
A Maxwell material is the most simple model viscoelastic material showing properties of a typical liquid. It shows viscous flow on the long timescale, but additional elastic resistance to fast deformations. [1] It is named for James Clerk Maxwell who proposed the model in 1867.
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.