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Cuneiform law. The code of law found at Ebla (2400 BC) Code of Urukagina (2380–2360 BC) Code of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (c. 2050 BC). Copies with slight variations found in Nippur, Sippar and Ur; Laws of Eshnunna (c. 1930 BC) [2] Code of Lipit-Ishtar (c. 1870 BC) [3] Babylonian law. Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC in middle chronology)
Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study due to the large amount of archaeological material that has been found for it. So-called "contracts" exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts.
c. 1800 BC – Laws of the city of Eshnunna (sometimes ascribed to king Bilalama) Babylonian law. c. 1758 BC – Code of Hammurabi – The most famous and also most preserved of the ancient laws. Discovered in December 1901, it contains over 282 paragraphs of text, not including the prologue and epilogue. c. 1500-1300 BC – Assyrian law
The Babyloniaca is a text written in the Greek language by the Babylonian priest and historian Berossus in the 3rd century BCE. Although the work is now lost, it survives in substantial fragments from subsequent authors, especially in the works of the fourth-century CE Christian author and bishop Eusebius, [1] and was known to a limited extent in learned circles as late as late antiquity. [2]
The Code was thought to be the earliest Mesopotamian law collection when it was rediscovered in 1902—for example, C. H. W. Johns' 1903 book was titled The Oldest Code of Laws in the World. [31] The English writer H. G. Wells included Hammurabi in the first volume of The Outline of History , and to Wells too the Code was "the earliest known ...
Babylonian kudurru of the late Kassite period found near Baghdad by the French botanist André Michaux (Cabinet des Médailles, Paris). A kudurru was a type of stone document used as a boundary stone and as a record of land grants to vassals by the Kassites and later dynasties in ancient Babylonia between the 16th and 7th centuries BC.
[10] [11] His wisdom became the basis of the religion Zoroastrianism, and generally influenced the development of the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian philosophy. Zarathustra was the first who treated the problem of evil in philosophical terms. [11] [12] He is also believed to be one of the oldest monotheists in the history of religion.
As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. [27] The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk , but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna.