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In psychology, the two main hypotheses of the placebo effect are expectancy theory and classical conditioning. [72] In 1985, Irving Kirsch hypothesized that placebo effects are produced by the self-fulfilling effects of response expectancies, in which the belief that one will feel different leads a person to actually feel different. [73]
Audience effect; Baader–Meinhof effect; Barnum effect; Bezold effect; Birthday-number effect; Boomerang effect; Bouba/kiki effect; Bystander effect; Cheerleader effect; Cinderella effect; Cocktail party effect; Contrast effect; Coolidge effect; Crespi effect; Cross-race effect; Curse of knowledge; Diderot effect; Dunning–Kruger effect ...
Autosuggestion is a psychological technique related to the placebo effect, developed by pharmacist Émile Coué at the beginning of the 20th century. It is a form of self-induced suggestion in which individuals guide their own thoughts, feelings, or behavior. The technique is often used in self-hypnosis. [1]
Dubbed open-label placebo, these transparent interactions might hold promise as non-drug treatments with the potential to reduce reliance on medications with negative or addictive side effects.
Like the observer-expectancy effect, it is often a cause of "odd" results in many experiments. The subject-expectancy effect is most commonly found in medicine, where it can result in the subject experiencing the placebo effect or nocebo effect, depending on how the influence pans out.
A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have. [1] [2] For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can experience that effect even if the "medication" is actually an inert substance. [1]
The participants were actually injected either with epinephrine (which causes an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing) or a placebo. There were four conditions that participants were randomly placed in: epinephrine informed (where participants were told they would feel effects similar to epinephrine), epinephrine ignorant ...
In a common example of the Mandela Effect, or collective false memory, the children's book series "The Berenstain Bears," created by Stan and Jan Berenstain in 1962, is often thought of as "The ...