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Stress ulceration is a single or multiple fundic mucosal ulcers that causes upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and develops during the severe physiologic stress of serious illness. It can also cause mucosal erosions and superficial hemorrhages in patients who are critically ill, or in those who are under extreme physiologic stress, causing blood ...
The 20th-century social critic Ivan Illich broadened the concept of medical iatrogenesis in his 1974 book Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health [33] by defining it at three levels. First, clinical iatrogenesis is the injury done to patients by ineffective, unsafe, and erroneous treatments as described above.
Thus, chronic stress may cause demethylation and hyperactivation of a stress-related gene, causing increased stress response. [2] [9] Additionally, DNMT1 gene locus has increased methylation in individuals who were exposed to trauma and developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Severe injury can also cause social harm. Disfiguring injuries may also result in stigma due to scarring or other changes in appearance. [73] [74] Certain injuries may necessitate a change in occupation or prevent employment entirely. Leisure activities are similarly limited, and athletic activities in particular may be impossible following ...
Prolonged stress can disturb the immune, digestive, cardiovascular, sleep, and reproductive systems. [17] For example, it was found that: Chronic stress reduces resistance of infection and inflammation, and might even cause the immune system to attack itself. [27] Stress responses can cause atrophy of muscles and increases in blood pressure. [28]
[39] [44] The first stress-related diagnosis to be formally recognized by the American Psychiatric Association was PTSD, at its inclusion in the DSM III in 1980. In occupational medicine the initial focus on physical ergonomics and toxicology has been complemented by an awareness of psycho-social stress as an inducer of illness and premature death.
The second category, injuries and/or trauma to endothelium includes vessel piercings and damages arising from shear stress or hypertension. This category is ruled by surface phenomena and contact with procoagulant surfaces, such as bacteria , shards of foreign materials, biomaterials of implants or medical devices , membranes of activated ...
Blood-injection-injury (BII) type phobia is a type of specific phobia [1] [2] characterized by the display of excessive, irrational fear in response to the sight of blood, injury, or injection, or in anticipation of an injection, injury, or exposure to blood. [3] Blood-like stimuli (paint, ketchup) may also cause a reaction. [4]