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These cells are known as midget retinal ganglion cells due to the small sizes of their dendritic trees and cell bodies. About 80% of RGCs are midget cells. They receive inputs from relatively few rods and cones. In many cases, they are connected to midget bipolar cells, which are linked to one cone each. [1]
Bruch's membrane or lamina vitrea [1] is the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. It is also called the vitreous lamina or Membrane vitriae , because of its glassy microscopic appearance. It is 2–4 μm thick.
OCT findings in Berlin's edema have included increased reflectivity because of photoreceptor outer segment disruption and, less frequently, hyper-reflectivity of inner retinal layers. Other findings include increased central retinal thickness, a low signal triangular area below the foveal pit, and outer retinal thickening.
Epiretinal membrane or macular pucker is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes.Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
The RNFL formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the optic disc, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata.. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders.
The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. It is commonly associated with diabetes.Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell.
Surgery involves gland replacement, not excision, by anchoring the membrane to the orbital rim or using a pocket technique. [3] In severely infected cases, preoperative antibiotics may be necessary by means of antibiotic eye ointment. [3] Removal of the gland was once an acceptable treatment, and made the eye appear completely normal. [5]
Lipaemia retinalis is a retinal disease caused by hypertriglyceridemia or chylomicronemia. [3] Depending on plasma triglyceride level, the retinal arteries, veins or occasionally the entire fundus may show creamy-white to salmon red discoloration. [6] In primary hyperlipidaemia, LR occurs only in patients with increased chylomicron levels. [6]