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Hindi-Punjabi Kosh (Patiala, 1953) – a Hindi-Punjabi dictionary that was compiled by Sant Indar Singh Chakarvarti and published by the Punjabi Department, PEPSU, Patiala (now called the Languages Department of the Punjab Government). [6] It contains 862 large-sized, double-columned pages that provide Punjabi translations for 60,000 Hindi ...
Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims , Hindus , Sikhs , Jains , Buddhists and Christians may be conducted in Arabic , Urdu , Punjabi , Sanskrit , Hindi or Pali by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or ...
Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety. [9] Map of dialects of Punjabi dialects and languages. Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world.
Also playing a major role in consolidating and standardizing the Punjabi language, it served as the main medium of literacy in Punjab and adjoining areas for centuries when the earliest schools were attached to gurdwaras. [22] The first natively produced grammars of the Punjabi language were written in the 1860s in Gurmukhi. [33]
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. ' from the Shah's or king's mouth ', Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖ਼ੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.
The copula does not behave like a full lexical verb in Punjabi and does not form part of serial verb constructions; rather than taking on the meaning of the existential verb 'to be' or 'to become' ਹੋਣਾ / ہونٌا, it means 'being' without any aspectual component. The copula is also not obligatory in a Punjabi clause.
Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi as well, for Gurmukhi (Eastern Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be easily converted to the Devanagari script.
Another notable difference is that where other Punjabi dialects have /l/ (ਲ) in Malwai many of those words are pronounced with an /r/ (ਰ) or [ɭ̆] (ਲ਼) instead. For example: Majhi dialect 1(ghaddi khalarna), 2 (banda khalota). Malwai dialect 1(ghaddi kharaona), 2 (banda kharota).