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Most of the names on this list are typical examples of surnames that were adopted when modern surnames were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the romantic spirit, they refer to natural features: virta 'river', koski 'rapids', mäki 'hill', järvi 'lake', saari 'island' — often with the suffix -nen added after the model ...
In India, surnames are placed as last names or before first names, which often denote: village of origin, caste, clan, office of authority their ancestors held, or trades of their ancestors. The use of surnames is a relatively new convention, introduced during British colonisation.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, -off was a common transliteration of -ov for Russian family names in foreign languages such as French and German (like for the Smirnoff and the Davidoff brands). Surnames of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin use the suffixes -ко (-ko), -ук (-uk), and -ич (-ych).
The most common surname remains Smith; over two million Americans have that name and it is the most common name for white, native and multiracial residents. The most common name among black Americans was Williams and the most common name among Asian Americans was Nguyen. The name Wilson was 10th in the 2000 census but was replaced by Martinez in
The woman's surname is also [clarification needed] not declined if it is of foreign origin and adding the suffix -ová would be awkward or unfeasible: Olga Walló, Blanka Matragi. Czechs tend to add a feminine suffix to the surnames of Czech as well as foreign women surnames.
Even today, the number of surnames in China is a little over 4,000, [1] while the year 2000 United States census found there are more than 6.2 million surnames altogether [2] and that the number of surnames held by 100 or more Americans (per name) was just over 150,000. [3]
Lists of the most common surnames by continent: Lists of most common surnames in African countries; Lists of most common surnames in Asian countries; Lists of most common surnames in European countries; Lists of most common surnames in North American countries; Lists of most common surnames in Oceanian countries
For UK place names, see List of irregularly spelled places in the United Kingdom. For US place names, see List of irregularly spelled places in the United States. This list includes territories of the United Kingdom and the United States not wholly annexed into either country.