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Ethernet devices must allow a minimum idle period between transmission of Ethernet packets. [1] A brief recovery time between packets allows devices to prepare for reception of the next packet. While some physical layer variants literally transmit nothing during the idle period, most modern ones continue to transmit an idle pattern signal.
Autonegotiation can be used by devices that are capable of more than one transmission rate, different duplex modes (half duplex and full duplex), and different transmission standards at the same speed (though in practice only one standard at each speed is widely supported).
The physical-layer specifications of the Ethernet family of computer network standards are published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which defines the electrical or optical properties and the transfer speed of the physical connection between a device and the network or between network devices.
Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer network fail to reach their destination. Packet loss is either caused by errors in data transmission, typically across wireless networks, [1] [2] or network congestion. [3]: 36 Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent.
EtherNet/IP (IP = Industrial Protocol) [1] is an industrial network protocol that adapts the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) to standard Ethernet. [2] EtherNet/IP is one of the leading industrial protocols in the United States and is widely used in a range of industries including factory, hybrid and process.
In computer networking, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is the term applied to transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second. The most popular variant, 1000BASE-T , is defined by the IEEE 802.3ab standard.
The work also required a short amendment extending the frame size of the Ethernet standard by four bytes which was published as IEEE 802.3ac in 1998. The QoS technique developed by the working group, also known as class of service (CoS), is a 3- bit field called the Priority Code Point (PCP) within an Ethernet frame header when using VLAN ...
IEEE 802.11n (aka Wi-Fi 4) 600 Mbit/s: 75 MB/s: 2009 IEEE 802.11ac (aka Wi-Fi 5) 6.8–6.93 Gbit/s: 850–866.25 MB/s: 2012 IEEE 802.11ad: 7.14–7.2 Gbit/s: 892.5–900 MB/s: 2011 IEEE 802.11ax (aka Wi-Fi 6/6E) 11 Gbit/s: 1.375 GB/s: 2019 IEEE 802.11be (aka Wi-Fi 7 or Extremely High Throughput (EHT)) 46.12 Gbit/s expected: 5.765 GB/s expected ...