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  2. Substitution matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_matrix

    One would use a higher numbered BLOSUM matrix for aligning two closely related sequences and a lower number for more divergent sequences. It turns out that the BLOSUM62 matrix does an excellent job detecting similarities in distant sequences, and this is the matrix used by default in most recent alignment applications such as BLAST .

  3. Amino acid replacement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_replacement

    Leucine is an example of a typical amino acid. Idiosyncratic amino acids - there are few similar amino acids that they can mutate to through single nucleotide substitution. In this case most amino acid replacements will be disruptive for protein function. Tryptophan is an example of an idiosyncratic amino acid. [8]

  4. Mutation (evolutionary algorithm) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_(evolutionary...

    It is analogous to biological mutation. The classic example of a mutation operator of a binary coded genetic algorithm (GA) involves a probability that an arbitrary bit in a genetic sequence will be flipped from its original state. A common method of implementing the mutation operator involves generating a random variable for each bit in a ...

  5. Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular...

    The third mechanism is gene inactivation. An example of gene inactivation is using insertional mutagenesis to insert a retrovirus that disrupts the genome of the T cell in leukemia patients and giving them a specific antigen called CAR allowing the T cells to target cancer cells. The final mechanisms is referred to as mRNA 3' end substitution.

  6. Mutation rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_rate

    The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [1] In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2] Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations.

  7. Somatic hypermutation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation

    Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (e.g. microbes).A major component of the process of affinity maturation, SHM diversifies B cell receptors used to recognize foreign elements and allows the immune system to adapt its response to new threats during the lifetime of an organism. [1]

  8. Crossover (evolutionary algorithm) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(evolutionary...

    Crossover in evolutionary algorithms and evolutionary computation, also called recombination, is a genetic operator used to combine the genetic information of two parents to generate new offspring. It is one way to stochastically generate new solutions from an existing population, and is analogous to the crossover that happens during sexual ...

  9. Exon shuffling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon_shuffling

    It is a process through which two or more exons from different genes can be brought together ectopically, or the same exon can be duplicated, to create a new exon-intron structure. [1] There are different mechanisms through which exon shuffling occurs: transposon mediated exon shuffling, crossover during sexual recombination of parental genomes ...