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In the 1980s, when examinations were often scored entirely by humans, valid and reliable holistic scoring of a writing sample took more time and therefore more money than scoring of items. For instance, it cost $0.75 per essay for the first and $0.53 for the second in the 1980-1981 Georgia Regents' Testing Program. [ 62 ]
Narrative evaluations generally consist of several paragraphs of written text about a student's individual performance and course work. The style and form of narrative evaluations vary significantly among the educational institutions using them, and they are sometimes combined with other performance metrics, including letter and number grades ...
Once several interviews have been completed they can be combined within a single set of developmental rubrics for the community through individual or computerized text analysis. Third, the community of experts rate learner performances and meet to compare ratings of the same performances and revise the definitions when multiple interpretations ...
Free indirect discourse can be described as a "technique of presenting a character's voice partly mediated by the voice of the author". In the words of the French narrative theorist Gérard Genette, "the narrator takes on the speech of the character, or, if one prefers, the character speaks through the voice of the narrator, and the two instances then are merged". [1]
A rubric is a word or section of text that is traditionally written or printed in red ink for emphasis. The word derives from the Latin rubrica, meaning red ochre or red chalk, [1] and originates in medieval illuminated manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier.
Personal free writing is the practice of writing what one is thinking without considering organization or grammatical errors. In a study done by Fred McKinney, free writing was defined as letting one’s thoughts and words flow onto paper without hesitation. [21] This can be done in the format of letters or even a personal notebook.
Expository writing is a type of writing where the purpose is to explain or inform the audience about a topic. [13] It is considered one of the four most common rhetorical modes. [14] The purpose of expository writing is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.
The large-scale statewide writing assessments that developed during this time combined direct writing assessment with multiple-choice items, a practice that remains dominant today across U.S. large scale testing programs, such as the SAT and GRE. [4] These assessments usually take place outside of the classroom, at the state and national level.