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Similar in size and charge to phosphorus(V), vanadium(V) also parallels its chemistry and crystallography. Orthovanadate V O 3− 4 is used in protein crystallography [30] to study the biochemistry of phosphate. [31] Besides that, this anion also has been shown to interact with the activity of some specific enzymes.
Cp 2 V 2 (CO) 5 featuring a pair of semi-bridging CO ligands. [15] Organovanadium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon (C) to vanadium (V) chemical bond. [16] Organovanadium compounds find only minor use as reagents in organic synthesis but are significant for polymer chemistry as catalysts. [17]
Similar in size and charge to phosphorus(V), vanadium(V) also parallels its chemistry and crystallography. Orthovanadate V O 3− 4 is used in protein crystallography [35] to study the biochemistry of phosphate. [36] Beside that, this anion also has been shown to interact with activity of some specific enzymes.
The complexes [V(CN) 6] 3− and [V 2 Cl 9] 3− are referred to as hexacyanovanadate(III) and nonachlorodivanadate(III), respectively. A simple vanadate ion is the tetrahedral orthovanadate anion, VO 3− 4 (which is also called vanadate(V)), which is present in e.g. sodium orthovanadate and in solutions of V 2 O 5 in strong base (pH > 13 [1]).
Φ is the local electrostatic potential in V. In the special case of an uncharged atom, z i = 0, and so μ i = μ i . Electrochemical potential is important in biological processes that involve molecular diffusion across membranes, in electroanalytical chemistry, and industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells.
An electronvolt is the amount of energy gained or lost by a single electron when it moves through an electric potential difference of one volt. Hence, it has a value of one volt, which is 1 J/C, multiplied by the elementary charge e = 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 C. [2] Therefore, one electronvolt is equal to 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 J. [1]
Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
Vanadium(IV) oxide or vanadium dioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula VO 2.It is a dark blue solid. Vanadium(IV) dioxide is amphoteric, dissolving in non-oxidising acids to give the blue vanadyl ion, [VO] 2+ and in alkali to give the brown [V 4 O 9] 2− ion, or at high pH [VO 4] 4−. [4]