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  2. Molar ionization energies of the elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies...

    These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1.This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions.

  3. Vanadium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium

    The concentration of vanadium in the blood of ascidian tunicates is as much as ten million times higher [specify] [102] [103] than the surrounding seawater, which normally contains 1 to 2 μg/L. [104] [105] The function of this vanadium concentration system and these vanadium-bearing proteins is still unknown, but the vanadocytes are later ...

  4. Vanadium compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_compounds

    Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements , niobium and tantalum , are somewhat more limited to the +5 oxidation state. [ 1 ]

  5. Hardnesses of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements...

    Help; Learn to edit; Community portal; Recent changes; Upload file; Special pages

  6. Elementary charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge

    Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)

  7. Ice rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rules

    In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice I h. [3] For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals). A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in ...

  8. Faraday's ice pail experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_ice_pail_experiment

    If C has a positive charge, the negative charges in the metal are attracted to it and move to the inner surface of the container, while the positive charges are repelled and move to the outside surface. If C has a negative charge, the charges have opposite polarity. Since the container was originally uncharged, the two regions have equal and ...

  9. Vanadyl ion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyl_ion

    The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV) cation, VO 2+, [1] is a functional group that is common in the coordination chemistry of vanadium. Complexes containing this functional group are characteristically blue and paramagnetic. A triple bond is proposed to exist between the V 4+ and O 2− centers. [2]