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  2. Spondylolisthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylolisthesis

    Spondylolisthesis is when one spinal vertebra slips out of place compared to another. [1] While some medical dictionaries define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum), [2] [3] it is often defined in medical textbooks as displacement in any direction.

  3. Spondylolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylolysis

    Most patients with spondylolysis do not require surgery but, if the symptoms are not relieved with non-surgical treatments, or when the condition progresses to high grade spondylolisthesis, then patients may require surgery. [23] Spinal fusion: This procedure is recommended when a set of vertebrae becomes loose or unstable. The surgeon joins ...

  4. Williams Flexion Exercises - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Flexion_Exercises

    These exercises were initially developed for men under 50 and women under 40 who had exaggerated lumbar lordosis, whose x-ray films showed decreased disc space between lumbar spine segments (L1-S1), and whose symptoms were chronic, but low grade. [citation needed]

  5. Retrolisthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrolisthesis

    Retrolisthesis can be classified as a form of spondylolisthesis, since spondylolisthesis is often defined in the literature as displacement in any direction. [1] [2] Yet, medical dictionaries usually define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum).

  6. Spondylosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylosis

    Spondylosis is the degeneration of the vertebral column from any cause. In the more narrow sense, it refers to spinal osteoarthritis, the age-related degeneration of the spinal column, which is the most common cause of spondylosis.

  7. Spinal fusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_fusion

    Spinal fusion, also called spondylodesis or spondylosyndesis, is a surgery performed by orthopaedic surgeons or neurosurgeons that joins two or more vertebrae. [1] This procedure can be performed at any level in the spine (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral) and prevents any movement between the fused vertebrae.

  8. Lumbar spinal stenosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_stenosis

    With increasing age, the occurrence of degenerative spondylolisthesis becomes more common. The most common spondylolisthesis occurs with slipping of L4 on L5. Frymoyer showed that spondylolisthesis with canal stenosis is more common in diabetic women who have undergone oophorectomy (removal of ovaries). The cause of symptoms in the legs can be ...

  9. Joint mobilization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_mobilization

    Grade IV – Low amplitude, rhythmically oscillating joint glide that is performed at the end of the available arthrokinematic joint play. Designed to physically stretch the joint capsule. Grade V – This grade refers to the use of a single high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust performed at the end of the available joint play.

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