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The thalidomide molecule is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid and consists of a glutarimide ring and a phthaloyl ring (Figure 5). [15] [16] Its IUPAC name is 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindole-1,3-dione and it has one chiral center [15] After thalidomide's selective inhibition of TNF-α had been reported, a renewed effort was put in thalidomide's clinical development.
Adverse effects by frequency: [1] [2] Note that teratogenicity is not discussed here as it is not considered a side effect. For information regarding birth defects, see thalidomide .
Common side effects include sleepiness, rash, and dizziness. [6] Severe side effects include tumor lysis syndrome , blood clots , and peripheral neuropathy . [ 8 ] Thalidomide is a known human teratogen and carries an extremely high risk of severe, life-threatening birth defects if administered or taken during pregnancy. [ 6 ]
Feet of a baby born to a mother who had taken thalidomide while pregnant. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the use of thalidomide in 46 countries was prescribed to women who were pregnant or who subsequently became pregnant, and consequently resulted in the "biggest anthropogenic medical disaster ever," with more than 10,000 children born with a range of severe deformities, such as ...
Thalidomide was a racemic therapeutic and prescribed to pregnant women to control nausea and vomiting. The drug was withdrawn from world market when it became evident that the use in pregnancy causes phocomelia (clinical conditions where babies are born with deformed hand and limbs).
0.5–5 mg/day Various: Estrogen: SC implant: 50–200 mg every 6–24 mos Estradiol valerate: Progynova: Estrogen: Oral: 2–10 mg/day Progynova: Estrogen: Sublingual: 1–8 mg/day Delestrogen [c] Estrogen: IM, SC: 2–10 mg/wk or 5–20 mg every 2 wks Estradiol cypionate: Depo-Estradiol: Estrogen: IM, SC: 2–10 mg/wk or 5–20 mg every 2 wks ...
Severe side effects include low blood platelets, low white blood cells, and blood clots. [8] The dose may need to be adjusted in people with kidney problems. [8] Lenalidomide is closely related to thalidomide, which is known to cause severe birth defects, so its use during pregnancy is very likely to harm the fetus. [8]
In the European Union, pomalidomide, in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone, is indicated in the treatment of adults with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior treatment regimen including lenalidomide; [8] and in combination with dexamethasone is indicated in the treatment of adults with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior ...