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The mean chain length of an entire web is the arithmetic average of the lengths of all chains in a food web. [42] [14] In a simple predator-prey example, a deer is one step removed from the plants it eats (chain length = 1) and a wolf that eats the deer is two steps removed from the plants (chain length = 2).
A chain letter is a message that attempts to convince the recipient to make a number of copies and pass them on to a certain number of recipients. The "chain" is an exponentially growing pyramid (a tree graph ) that cannot be sustained indefinitely.
The class of stochastic chains with memory of variable length was introduced by Jorma Rissanen in the article A universal data compression system. [1] Such class of stochastic chains was popularized in the statistical and probabilistic community by P. Bühlmann and A. J. Wyner in 1999, in the article Variable Length Markov Chains.
Another discrete-time process that may be derived from a continuous-time Markov chain is a δ-skeleton—the (discrete-time) Markov chain formed by observing X(t) at intervals of δ units of time. The random variables X (0), X (δ), X (2δ), ... give the sequence of states visited by the δ-skeleton.
The percentage of students scoring a grade of "5" was only 7.0% in the 2021 testing administration. It remains one of the lowest "5" scoring AP Exams to this date right under AP Art History, AP English Literature & Composition, AP English Language & Composition, and AP World History. The AP Environmental Science exam was first administered in 1998.
The egg cell is generally asymmetric, having an animal pole (future ectoderm). It is covered with protective envelopes, with different layers. The first envelope – the one in contact with the membrane of the egg – is made of glycoproteins and is known as the vitelline membrane (zona pellucida in mammals).
Advanced Science Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by American Scientific Publishers. The editor-in-chief is Hari Singh Nalwa. Publishing formats include full papers, short communications, and special sections consisting of various formats. [ 1 ]
Murre eggs. Common murre eggs are large (around 11% of female weight [39]), and are pointed at one end. The egg's pyriform shape is popularly ascribed the function of allowing the egg to spin on its axis or in an arc when disturbed, however there is no evidence to support this claim. [40] Various hypotheses have arisen to explain the egg's shape: