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Funnel plots, introduced by Light and Pillemer in 1984 [1] and discussed in detail by Matthias Egger and colleagues, [2] [3] are useful adjuncts to meta-analyses. A funnel plot is a scatterplot of treatment effect against a measure of study precision.
In 1997, Egger published a paper describing a method for detecting bias in meta-analyses by analyzing funnel plots. [4] This paper has been cited more than 38,600 times on Google Scholar as of May 2022. [5] In 2005, Egger published a study comparing 110 trials of homeopathy with 110 trials of conventional medicine in the Lancet.
Because an inevitable degree of subjectivity exists in the interpretation of funnel plots, several tests have been proposed for detecting funnel plot asymmetry. [ 29 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] These are often based on linear regression including the popular Eggers regression test, [ 33 ] and may adopt a multiplicative or additive dispersion parameter to ...
In statistics, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale is a tool used for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies included in a systematic review and/or meta-analyses.Using the tool, each study is judged on eight items, categorized into three groups: the selection of the study groups; the comparability of the groups; and the ascertainment of either the exposure or outcome of interest for case ...
In statistics, the Vuong closeness test is a likelihood-ratio-based test for model selection using the Kullback–Leibler information criterion. This statistic makes probabilistic statements about two models. They can be nested, strictly non-nested or partially non-nested (also called overlapping). The statistic tests the null hypothesis that ...
Since the first publication by Kansy and coworkers, [7] several companies developed their own versions of the assay. Early models incorporated iso-pH conditions in the compartments separated by a simple lipid membrane; subsequently, commercial products were introduced which incorporated more sophisticated lipid membranes. [8]
In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon.
Berenson-Eggers Type of Service (BETOS) categories are used to analyze Medicare costs. All Health Care Financing Administration Common Procedure Coding System procedure codes are assigned to a BETOS category. BETOS codes are clinical categories. There are seven high-level BETOS categories: Evaluation and Management; Procedures; Imaging; Tests