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Ochre is a family of earth pigments, which includes yellow ochre, red ochre, purple ochre, sienna, and umber. The major ingredient of all the ochres is iron(III) oxide-hydroxide , known as limonite , which gives them a yellow colour.
Red ochre has a long history of use in North America; as early as the Folsom tradition during the Paleo-Indian period, certain localities in New Mexico and Wyoming were being mined for the substance. [1] The people today known as Red Ocher were first identified by the University of Chicago in 1937.
Red ochre takes its reddish colour from the mineral hematite, which is an anhydrous iron oxide, and the main ingredient of rust. It was one of the earliest pigments used by man. Hand prints made by using red ochre have been found in the Pech Merle cave in Southern France. They date to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC.
In 2022 a team of South African and French scientists published a study of otjize's physical properties, concluding that "such a red ochre exhibits an exceptional UV filtration and a significant IR reflectivity substantiating its effectiveness as an effective UV-blocking and solar heat IR reflector in support of the low skin cancer rate within the Namibian Himba community".
Red ochre contains unhydrated hematite, whereas yellow ochre contains hydrated hematite (Fe 2 O 3 · H 2 O). The principal use of ochre is for tinting with a permanent color. [9] Use of the red chalk of this iron-oxide mineral in writing, drawing, and
During spring, the Beothuk used red ochre to paint not only their bodies but also their houses, canoes, weapons, household appliances, and musical instruments. This practice led Europeans to refer to them as "Red Indians". [9] [7] The use of ochre had great cultural significance. The decorating was done during an annual multi-day spring ...
The anhydrous pigment has a dark purple-red or maroon color, hydrates' colors vary from dull yellow (yellow ochre) to warm red. [1]The iron oxide red is extremely stable: it is not affected by light and most chemicals (soluble in hot concentrated acids); heat only affects the hydrated variants (the water is removed, and the color darkens).
Cerium sulfide red (PR265). Iron oxide pigments. Sanguine, Caput mortuum, Indian red, Venetian red, oxide red (PR102). Red ochre (PR102): anhydrous Fe 2 O 3. Burnt sienna (PBr7): a pigment produced by heating raw sienna. Lead pigments. Minium (pigment): also known as red lead, lead tetroxide, Pb 3 O 4. Mercury pigments. Vermilion or cinnabar ...