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The backstaff is a navigational instrument that was used to measure the altitude of a celestial body, in particular the Sun or Moon. When observing the Sun, users kept the Sun to their back (hence the name) and observed the shadow cast by the upper vane on a horizon vane.
In navigation the instrument is also called a cross-staff and was used to determine angles, for instance the angle between the horizon and Polaris or the sun to determine a vessel's latitude, or the angle between the top and bottom of an object to determine the distance to said object if its height is known, or the height of the object if its distance is known, or the horizontal angle between ...
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Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the Sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the Earth.
AAL (Akademi Angkatan Laut) - Indonesian Naval Academy. AAU (Akademi Angkatan Udara) - Indonesian Air Force Academy. ABK (anak buah kapal) - ship's crew . ABRI (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia) - Military of Indonesia (New Order Era)
The Indonesian Wikipedia (Indonesian: Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, WBI for short) is the Indonesian language edition of Wikipedia. It is the fifth-fastest-growing Asian-language Wikipedia after the Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Turkish language Wikipedias. It ranks 25th in terms of depth among Wikipedias.
John Davis (c. 1550 – 29 December 1605) was one of the chief navigators of Queen Elizabeth I of England.He led several voyages to discover the Northwest Passage and served as pilot and captain on both Dutch and English voyages to the East Indies.
The Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization (Indonesian: Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia (SOBSI)) was the largest trade union federation in Indonesia. [1] Founded during the period of the country's independence in the late 1940s, the federation grew rapidly in the 1950s.