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HbA 1c levels in Group A dropped significantly from 7.2% to 6.4% after lessons with the diabetes simulator (p = 0.01). No significant changes in HbA 1c were observed in the control group (Group B) between baseline (7.1%) and the end of the control lessons (7.0%).
MODY 2 or GCK-MODY is a form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. [1] It is due to any of several mutations in the GCK gene on human chromosome 7 for glucokinase. [2] Glucokinase serves as the glucose sensor for the pancreatic beta cell. Normal glucokinase triggers insulin secretion as the glucose exceeds about 90 mg/dl (5 mM).
MODY accounts for at least 1-5% of all diagnoses of diabetes mellitus, though 50-90% of cases are estimated to be misdiagnosed as type 1, or type 2 diabetes. [4] Estimated prevalence rates indicate 1 per 10,000 in adults, and 1 per 23,000 in children.
The degree of insulin deficiency is variable. Diabetes can develop from infancy through middle adult life, and some family members who carry the gene remain free of diabetes into later adult life. Most of those who develop diabetes show atrophy of the entire pancreas, with mild or subclinical deficiency of exocrine as well as endocrine function.
Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes. [1] In type 1 diabetes, there is a lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an autoimmune -induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas .
Insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a genetic heterogenous autoimmune disorder, which is triggered by genetic predisposition and environmental factors. [1] The prevalence of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) among children and young adult from Europe is approximately 0.4%. [ 2 ]
Diabetes is the leading known cause of neuropathy in developed countries, and neuropathy is the most common complication and greatest source of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. A systematic review has found that diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects 30% of diabetes patients. [ 1 ]
As of 2011 more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. [2] All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease. [2] There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes). [1]