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Bythotrephes longimanus (also Bythotrephes cederstroemi), or the spiny water flea, is a planktonic crustacean less than 15 millimetres (0.6 in) long. It is native to fresh waters of Northern Europe and Asia, but has been accidentally introduced and widely distributed in the Great Lakes area of North America since the 1980s.
Compounds with ecdysteroid activity in arthopods are not only produced by these animals (zooecdysteroids). Phytoecdysteroids also appear in many plants mostly as a protection agents (toxins or antifeedants) against herbivore insects. [7] [8] Fungi also produce a handful of mycoecdysteroids. [9]
The water environment allows the organism to be soft, watery and huge. To be watery and transparent is a successful way to avoid predation. [1] Sea water can prevent desiccation although it is much saltier than fresh water. For oceanic organism, not like terrestrial plants and animals, water is never a problem.
Above the water table the environment is oxidizing, and below it is reducing. [7] Solutions traveling downward from the leached zone react with other primary minerals in the oxidised zone to form secondary minerals [ 5 ] such as sulfates and carbonates , and limonite , which is a characteristic product in all oxidised zones.
The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because the leaves of the genus Marsilea superficially resemble the leaves of a four-leaf clover. In all, the family contains three genera and 50 to 80 species with most of those belonging to Marsilea. [1] [2]
Marine larval ecology is the study of the factors influencing dispersing larvae, which many marine invertebrates and fishes have. Marine animals with a larva typically release many larvae into the water column, where the larvae develop before metamorphosing into adults.
Periphyton can contain species of cyanobacteria that are toxic to humans and other animals. [1] In fresh water, excessive growth and subsequent death and decay of periphyton can have undesirable effects: depleting oxygen in the water, altering its pH, and clogging the space between gravel and sand (the hyporheic zone).
Marine biogenic calcification is the production of calcium carbonate by organisms in the global ocean.. Marine biogenic calcification is the biologically mediated process by which marine organisms produce and deposit calcium carbonate minerals to form skeletal structures or hard tissues.