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The biconical antenna has a broad bandwidth because it is an example of a traveling wave structure; the analysis for a theoretical infinite antenna resembles that of a transmission line. For an infinite antenna, the characteristic impedance at the point of connection is a function of the cone angle only and is independent of the frequency.
The discone antenna has a useful frequency range of at least 10 to 1. [2] [3] When employed as a transmitting antenna, a properly constructed discone is just as efficient as an antenna designed for a more limited frequency range. The extra bandwidth comes from the controlled taper and large termination radius of the cone.
A competing third criterion is the number and bandwidth of the frequenc(y/ies) that a single antenna intercepts or emits. A fourth design goal is to make the antenna directional: To project or intercept radio waves from only one vertical and / or horizontal direction as exclusively as possible. Simple antennas
Multiple patch antennas on the same substrate (see image) called microstrip antennas, can be used to make high gain array antennas, and phased arrays in which the beam can be electronically steered. A variant of the patch antenna commonly used in mobile phones is the shorted patch antenna, or planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). In this antenna ...
Antenna reactance may be removed using lumped elements, such as capacitors or inductors in the main path of current traversing the antenna, often near the feedpoint, or by incorporating capacitive or inductive structures into the conducting body of the antenna to cancel the feedpoint reactance – such as open-ended "spoke" radial wires, or ...
The log-periodic is commonly used as a transmitting antenna in high power shortwave broadcasting [15] stations because its broad bandwidth allows a single antenna to transmit on frequencies in multiple bands. The log-periodic zig-zag design with up to 16 sections has been used.
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A quad antenna is a self-resonant loop in a square shape; this one also includes a parasitic element.. Loop antennas may be in the shape of a circle, a square, or any other closed geometric shape that allows the total perimeter to be slightly more than one wavelength.