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The Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a specification in the form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the molecules.
A chemical file format is a type of data file which is used specifically for depicting molecular data. One of the most widely used is the chemical table file format, which is similar to Structure Data Format files. They are text files that represent multiple chemical structure records and associated data fields.
The detection limit for electron capture detectors is 5 femtograms per second (fg/s) and the detector commonly exhibits a 10,000-fold linear range. [ citation needed ] This made it possible to detect halogenated compounds such as pesticides and CFCs , even at levels of only one part per trillion ( ppt ), thus revolutionizing our understanding ...
The photoionization detector was applied to gas chromatography (GC) three years later, in 1976. [5] A PID is highly selective when coupled with a chromatographic technique or a pre-treatment tube such as a benzene-specific tube. Broader cuts of selectivity for easily ionized compounds can be obtained by using a lower energy UV lamp.
Liquid scintillation counter. Samples are dissolved or suspended in a "cocktail" containing a solvent (historically aromatic organics such as xylene or toluene, but more recently less hazardous solvents are used), typically some form of a surfactant, and "fluors" or scintillators which produce the light measured by the detector.
Since the detection mechanism involves the oxidation or reduction of the gas, electrochemical sensors are usually only suitable for electrochemically active gases, though it is possible to detect electrochemically inert gases indirectly if the gas interacts with another species in the sensor that then produces a response. [3]
The DETAL process involving dehydrogenation of n-paraffins to olefins, and subsequent reaction with benzene using a fixed bed catalyst. This is newer technology and has several of the stages depicted in the HF/n-paraffins process, but it is principally different in the benzene alkylation step, during which a solid-state catalyst is employed.