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The experimenter continues until all the cards in the pack are used. Poor shuffling methods can make the order of cards in the deck easier to predict [5] and the cards could have been inadvertently or intentionally marked and manipulated. [6] In his experiments, J. B. Rhine first shuffled the cards by hand but later decided to use a machine for ...
A simple set of black and white cards was developed, originally called Zener cards [6] – now called ESP cards. They bear the symbols circle, square, wavy lines, cross, and star. There are five of each type of card in a pack of 25. In a telepathy experiment, the "sender" looks at a series of cards while the "receiver" guesses the symbols.
Parapsychology is the study of alleged psychic phenomena (extrasensory perception, telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis (also called telekinesis), and psychometry) and other paranormal claims, for example, those related to near-death experiences, synchronicity, apparitional experiences, etc. [1] Criticized as being a pseudoscience, the majority of mainstream scientists reject it.
Extrasensory perception, or sixth sense, is an ability in itself and comprises a set of abilities. Clairvoyance – The ability to see things and events that are happening far away and locate objects, places, and people using a sixth sense. Dowsing – The ability to locate water, sometimes using a tool called a dowsing rod. [10]
Diagram by the French esotericist Paul Sédir to explain clairvoyance [1]. Clairvoyance (/ k l ɛər ˈ v ɔɪ. ə n s /; from French clair 'clear' and voyance 'vision') is the claimed ability to acquire information that would be considered impossible to get through scientifically proven sensations, thus classified as extrasensory perception, or "sixth sense".
Zener cards. Zener cards are marked with five distinctive symbols. When using them, one individual is designated the "sender" and another the "receiver". The sender selects a random card and visualizes the symbol on it, while the receiver attempts to determine that symbol telepathically.
A ganzfeld experiment (from the German words for "entire" and "field") is an assessment used by parapsychologists that they contend can test for extrasensory perception (ESP) or telepathy. In these experiments, a "sender" attempts to mentally transmit an image to a "receiver" who is in a state of sensory deprivation.
In his book Learning to Use Extrasensory Perception, Tart endorsed experimental methods from learning theory and the results from card guessing experiments in support for ESP. Richard Land wrote that Tart's data was unconvincing but concluded "the book will be enjoyed by believers in ESP, and sceptics will regard it as a curiosity".