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Political cartoon by J. M. Staniforth: Herbert Kitchener attempts to raise £100,000 for a college in Sudan by calling on the name of C. G. Gordon. A scam, or a confidence trick, is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their trust.
Fraudulent misrepresentation is defined in the 3-part test in Donohoe v Donohoe , where the defendant Donohoe was categorically declared completely fraudulent as he: (i) knows the statement to be false, [67] or (ii) does not believe in the statement, [68] [38] or (iii) is reckless as to its truth.
Photo manipulation is a technique often used in the cosmetics field and for weight loss commercials [6] to advertise false (or non-typical) results and give consumers a false impression of a product's capabilities.
Deceit and dishonesty can also form grounds for civil litigation in tort, or contract law (where it is known as misrepresentation or fraudulent misrepresentation if deliberate), or give rise to criminal prosecution for fraud. It also forms a vital part of psychological warfare in denial and deception.
Clark Stanley's Snake Oil. Snake oil is a term used to describe deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam.Similarly, snake oil salesman is a common label used to describe someone who sells, promotes, or is a general proponent of some valueless or fraudulent cure, remedy, or solution. [1]
The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery. Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. Forgery is one of the threats addressed by security engineering.
In law, fraud is an intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud can violate civil law or criminal law, or it may cause no loss of money, property, or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong. [1]
Phishing is a form of social engineering and a scam where attackers deceive people into revealing sensitive information [1] or installing malware such as viruses, worms, adware, or ransomware.