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  2. Skeletal fluorosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_fluorosis

    Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride leading to weakened bones. [1] In advanced cases, skeletal fluorosis causes painful damage to bones and joints . Symptoms

  3. Fluoride therapy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride_therapy

    Water fluoridation is the most cost-effective way to induce fluoride, with an estimated cost between US$0.50 and $3.00 per person per year, depending on the size of the community involved. [33] A dollar spent on fluoridating water is estimated to save $7–42 on dental treatment. [33]

  4. Dental fluorosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_fluorosis

    Dental fluorosis is a common [2] disorder, characterized by hypomineralization of tooth enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation. [3] [needs update] It appears as a range of visual changes in enamel [4] causing degrees of intrinsic tooth discoloration, and, in some cases

  5. Topical fluoride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_fluoride

    Topical fluorides are fluoride-containing drugs indicated in prevention and treatment of dental caries, particularly in children's primary dentitions. [1] The dental-protecting property of topical fluoride can be attributed to multiple mechanisms of action, including the promotion of remineralization of decalcified enamel, the inhibition of the cariogenic microbial metabolism in dental plaque ...

  6. Fluoride toxicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride_toxicity

    Fluorosis becomes possible above this recommended dosage. As of 2015, the United States Health and Human Services Department recommends a maximum of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water – updating and replacing the previous recommended range of 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams issued in 1962. The new recommended level is intended to reduce the ...

  7. Fluoride varnish - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride_varnish

    Fluoride varnish is widely used in the United Kingdom, following guidelines from multiple sources backing its efficacy. Public Health England, a UK government organisation sponsored by the Department of Health, released guidance in 2014 recommending fluoride varnish application at least twice yearly for children and young adults. [13]

  8. Fluorine deficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_deficiency

    Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a disorder which may cause increased dental caries [1] and possibly osteoporosis, [2] [3] due to a lack of fluoride in diet. [4] [5] Common dietary sources of fluoride include tea, grape juice, wine, raisins, some seafood, coffee, and tap water that has been fluoridated. [6]

  9. Water fluoridation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation

    Assuming the worst case, with the lowest estimated effectiveness and highest estimated operating costs for small cities, fluoridation costs an estimated $20–$31 per saved tooth-decay surface, which is lower than the estimated $119 to restore the surface [2] and the estimated $201 average discounted lifetime cost of the decayed surface, which ...