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Ruthenian (ру́скаꙗ мо́ва or ру́скїй ѧзы́къ; [1] [2] [failed verification] see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In terms of the most important, dialect groups are usually divided based on the presence of masuration (present in Masovian and Lesser Polish dialects) and voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids in the next word or sometimes the personal verb clitics -m, -ś, -śmy, -ście as in byliśmy (e.g. jak jestem may be realized as ...
The Białystok dialect (Polish: gwara białostocka) is a Polish language dialect characteristic of the inhabitants of Białystok and parts of Podlasie.It is closely related to the Vilnius dialect and has emerged as a result of the mutual influence of several language patterns: Polish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, and to a lesser extent Russian, Ukrainian, and Yiddish.
Lake Peipus dialect (Russian: Причудский говор) is a Russian language variety spoken on both sides of Lake Peipus in Pskov Oblast, Russia and some counties of Estonia where Russian is a frequently-spoken or dominant language. It originated as a mix of Pskov and Gdov dialects of the Central Russian cluster.
The Central Greater Poland dialect (Polish: gwary środkowowielkopolskie) belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland.It borders the Northern Greater Poland dialect to the north, the Western Greater Poland dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Poland dialect to the east, the Southern Greater Poland dialect to the south, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz ...
to add – dodać; to allow – zezwolić; to appear – pojawić się; to ask – zapytać; to be – być; to become – zostać; to begin – na początek
The modern East Slavic languages descend from a common predecessor spoken in Kievan Rus' from the 9th to 13th centuries, which later evolved into Ruthenian, the chancery language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Dnieper river valley, and into medieval Russian in the Volga river valley, the language of the Russian principalities including ...
A calque / k æ l k / or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") translation. This list contains examples of calques in various languages.