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Consider para-disubstituted benzene p-F-C 6 H 4-Z, where Z is a substituent such as NH 2, NO 2, etc. The fluorine atom is para with respect to the substituent Z in the benzene ring. The image on the right shows four distinguished ring carbon atoms, C1, C2, C3, C4 in p-F-C 6 H 4-Z molecule. The carbon with Z is defined as C1(ipso) and ...
The mechanism of S N 2 reaction does not occur due to steric hindrance of the benzene ring. In order to attack the C atom, the nucleophile must approach in line with the C-LG (leaving group) bond from the back, where the benzene ring lies. It follows the general rule for which S N 2 reactions occur only at a tetrahedral carbon atom.
The structure of an organic nitro compound. In organic chemistry, nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (−NO 2). The nitro group is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing.
Structure Type of electronic effect Directing effect Strong trifluoromethylsulfonyl group [13]-SO 2 CF 3 –I, –M meta (substituted) ammonium groups [14]-NR 3 + (R = alkyl or H) –I nitro group-NO 2 –I, –M sulfonic acids and sulfonyl groups-SO 3 H, -SO 2 R cyano group-C≡N trihalomethyl groups (strongest for -CF 3 group) -CX 3 (X = F ...
Nitrobenzene is an aromatic nitro compound and the simplest of the nitrobenzenes, with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 NO 2. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond-like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals. It is produced on a large scale from benzene as a precursor to aniline.
A diatomic molecular orbital diagram is used to understand the bonding of a diatomic molecule. MO diagrams can be used to deduce magnetic properties of a molecule and how they change with ionization. They also give insight to the bond order of the molecule, how many bonds are shared between the two atoms. [12]
In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group (−NO 2) into an organic compound. The term also is applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters ( −ONO 2 ) between alcohols and nitric acid (as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin ).
The most widely practised example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. [2] (After dehydrogenation and polymerization, the commodity plastic polystyrene is produced.) In this process, acids are used as catalyst to generate the incipient carbocation. Many other electrophilic reactions ...