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A histogram is a visual representation of the distribution of quantitative data. To construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" (or "bucket") the range of values— divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals—and then count how many values fall into each interval.
Time series analysis comprises methods for analyzing time series data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics of the data. Time series forecasting is the use of a model to predict future values based on previously observed values. Generally, time series data is modelled as a stochastic process.
It can handle virtually any data frequency, including daily, weekly, intra-day, and panel data. RATS has extensive graphics capabilities. It can generate high-resolution time series graphs, high-resolution X-Y scatter plots, dual-scale graphs, and can export graphs to many formats, including PostScript and Windows Metafile.
Time series datasets are relatively large and uniform compared to other datasets―usually being composed of a timestamp and associated data. [6] Time series datasets can also have fewer relationships between data entries in different tables and don't require indefinite storage of entries. [6]
A sequence of colored stripes visually portrays trend of a data series. Portrays a single variable—prototypically temperature over time to portray global warming; Deliberately minimalist—with no technical indicia—to communicate intuitively with non-scientists [57] Can be "stacked" to represent plural series ; Animated spiral graphic
A simple run chart showing data collected over time. The median of the observed data (73) is also shown on the chart. A run chart, also known as a run-sequence plot is a graph that displays observed data in a time sequence. Often, the data displayed represent some aspect of the output or performance of a manufacturing or other business process.
For example, time series are usually decomposed into: , the trend component at time t, which reflects the long-term progression of the series (secular variation). A trend exists when there is a persistent increasing or decreasing direction in the data. The trend component does not have to be linear. [1]
Exponential smoothing or exponential moving average (EMA) is a rule of thumb technique for smoothing time series data using the exponential window function. Whereas in the simple moving average the past observations are weighted equally, exponential functions are used to assign exponentially decreasing weights over time. It is an easily learned ...