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Similarly, toothpaste typically contains a source of fluoride anions (e.g. sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate). Too much fluoride results in dental fluorosis and/or skeletal fluorosis. [15] Fission tracks in apatite are commonly used to determine the thermal histories of orogenic belts and of sediments in sedimentary basins. [16]
Compared to straight fluorides, sodium monofluorophosphate has slightly less aftertaste. SMFP is also used in some medications for the treatment of osteoporosis. [2] In 1991, sodium monofluorophosphate was found by Calgon to inhibit the dissolution of lead in drinking water when used in concentrations between 0.1 mg/L and 500 mg/L. [4]
Fluorapatite as a naturally occurring impurity in apatite generates hydrogen fluoride as a byproduct during the production of phosphoric acid, as apatite is digested by sulfuric acid. The hydrogen fluoride byproduct is now one of the industrial sources of hydrofluoric acid , which in turn is used as a starting reagent for synthesis of a range ...
Fluoride can be delivered by many chemical methods (sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, amine fluoride, monofluorophosphate, and more). The anti-caries performance differences between them have been shown to have less effect than variations in behavior shown by individuals in brushing, using fluoride products and post use behavior.
The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities estimated the non-revenue water for a sample of Chinese water utilities at 27% in 2006 and 21% in 2001. [50] One explanation for the relatively low level of NRW may be that most Chinese live in dense apartment complexes, which results in compact distribution systems.
Monofluorophosphate is an anion with the formula PO 3 F 2−, which is a phosphate group with one oxygen atom substituted with a fluoride atom.The charge of the ion is −2. The ion resembles sulfate in size, shape and charge, and can thus form compounds with the same structure as sulfate
Zhong Shanshan, China’s richest person, knows the value of a corporate reputation.He built Nongfu Spring, his bottled water company, by arguing that he got his water direct from the source ...
Fluoride-containing compounds, such as sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate are used in topical and systemic fluoride therapy for preventing tooth decay. They are used for water fluoridation and in many products associated with oral hygiene . [ 31 ]