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  2. Mathematical optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization

    A feasible solution that minimizes (or maximizes, if that is the goal) the objective function is called an optimal solution. In mathematics, conventional optimization problems are usually stated in terms of minimization. A local minimum x* is defined as an element for which there exists some δ > 0 such that

  3. Least squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares

    The result of fitting a set of data points with a quadratic function Conic fitting a set of points using least-squares approximation. The method of least squares is a parameter estimation method in regression analysis based on minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals (a residual being the difference between an observed value and the fitted value provided by a model) made in the ...

  4. Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karush–Kuhn–Tucker...

    The system of equations and inequalities corresponding to the KKT conditions is usually not solved directly, except in the few special cases where a closed-form solution can be derived analytically. In general, many optimization algorithms can be interpreted as methods for numerically solving the KKT system of equations and inequalities.

  5. Calculus of variations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_Variations

    t. e. The calculus of variations (or variational calculus) is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. [a] Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals involving functions ...

  6. Cutting stock problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_stock_problem

    The minimum pattern count problem: to find a minimum-pattern-count solution amongst the minimum-waste solutions. This is a very hard problem, even when the waste is known. [10] [11] [12] There is a conjecture that any equality-constrained one-dimensional instance with n sizes has at least one minimum waste solution with no more than n + 1 patterns.

  7. Minimal surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface

    In mathematics, a minimal surface is a surface that locally minimizes its area. This is equivalent to having zero mean curvature (see definitions below). The term "minimal surface" is used because these surfaces originally arose as surfaces that minimized total surface area subject to some constraint. Physical models of area-minimizing minimal ...

  8. Nonlinear system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system

    v. t. e. In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. [1] [2] Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, [3] [4] [5] physicists, [6] [7] mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are ...

  9. Overdetermined system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdetermined_system

    In mathematics, a system of equations is considered overdetermined if there are more equations than unknowns. [1] [citation needed] An overdetermined system is almost always inconsistent (it has no solution) when constructed with random coefficients. However, an overdetermined system will have solutions in some cases, for example if some ...

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