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The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated as CMOS, TCM, or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago [1]) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.
The structure of a citation under the author–date method is the author's surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as in "(Smith 2010, p. 1)". The page number or page range may be omitted if the entire work is cited, as in "(Smith 2010)".
The style and formatting of academic works, described within the manual, is commonly referred to as "Turabian style" or "Chicago style" (being based on that of The Chicago Manual of Style). The ninth edition of the manual, published in 2018, corresponds with the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (APA style, Harvard style, or Chicago style), and author-title or author-page referencing (MLA style or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the ...
This format reflects Rule 18.2 of the 18th and 19th edition of the Bluebook, but uses "as of" rather than "last updated"/"last visited" in the date parenthetical. This change allows specification of the exact version of the article to which the author is referring.
an abbreviated format from the "Acceptable date formats" table, provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body; the format expected in the citation style being used (but all-numeric date formats other than yyyy-mm-dd must still be avoided).
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The Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, by Kate L. Turabian. Often referred to as "Turabian." MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, by Joseph Gibaldi. Often referred to as "MLA".