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Biocide – a chemical substance capable of killing living organisms, usually in a selective way Fungicide – a chemical compound or biological organism used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores; Microbicide – any compound or substance whose purpose is to reduce the infectivity of microbes. Germicide – a disinfectant
The means for curing these poisons also advanced in parallel. In the modern world, intentional poisoning is less common than the Middle Ages. Rather, the more common concern is the risk of accidental poisoning from everyday substances and products. Constructive uses for poisons have increased considerably in the modern world.
Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC 50 (median lethal concentration) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or permanent injury), and/or exposure limits (TLV, TWA/PEL, STEL, or REL) determined by the ACGIH professional association.
The man, however, has since recovered and left the hospital. It's strongly suspected the two were poisoned by aconite, an alkaloid toxin found in the raw roots and flowers of its namesake plant.
Endotoxins most commonly refer to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that are in the outer plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The botulinum toxin, which is primarily produced by Clostridium botulinum and less frequently by other Clostridium species, is the most toxic substance known in the world. [1]
Throughout human history, intentional application of poison has been used as a method of murder, pest-control, suicide, and execution. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] As a method of execution, poison has been ingested, as the ancient Athenians did (see Socrates ), inhaled, as with carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide (see gas chamber ), injected (see lethal ...
Palytoxin, PTX [3] or PLTX [4] is an intense vasoconstrictor, [1] and is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice. [5] Palytoxin is a polyhydroxylated and partially unsaturated compound (8 double bonds) with a long carbon chain.
P. toxica contains palytoxin, one of the most poisonous substances known. [9] This zoanthid is not the only member of its genus to contain the toxin; that distinction is shared by P. tuberculosa. The latter species has a seasonal cycle, varying in toxicity at different times of year, whereas P. toxica is equally toxic all year round. [10]