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In order to attain high transgene expression, the electrostatic interaction between the gene and hydrogel polymer and the controlled release of the drug payload from the hydrogel is necessary. [36] Several gene therapy drugs used in hydrogel-based drug delivery systems include CRISPR/Cas9, [58] siRNA, [40] [59] and other RNA-based drugs. [59]
Hydrogels can be used as drug delivery vehicles, for transdermal application, ophthalmic drug delivery, [11] cancer treatment [12] or for wound dressing. [ 7 ] [ 13 ] As a type of water based formulation, hydrogels are generally less greasy and are easier to be removed than oil-based formulations like organogels. [ 6 ]
Specifically, hydrogels can be designed to release drugs or other agents in response to physical characteristics of the environment like temperature and pH. [12] The responsiveness of hydrogels is a result of their molecular structure and polymer networks. [12] Hydrogel nanoparticles have a promising future in the drug delivery field.
Cross-linked Hydrogel. The reaction scheme below is a terpolymerization to form a cross-linked hydrogel. The reactant ammonium persulfate (APS) is used in polymer chemistry as a strong oxidizing agent that is often used along with tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) to catalyze the polymerization when making polyacrylamide gels.
Pectin can also be used to stabilise acidic protein drinks, such as drinking yogurt, to improve the mouth-feel and the pulp stability in juice based drinks and as a fat substitute in baked goods. [36] [40] Typical levels of pectin used as a food additive are between 0.5 and 1.0% – this is about the same amount of pectin as in fresh fruit. [41]
Hydrogels have been considered as vehicles for drug delivery. [99] [77] [78] [79] They can also be made to mimic animal mucosal tissues to be used for testing mucoadhesive properties. [100] [101] They have been examined for use as reservoirs in topical drug delivery; particularly ionic drugs, delivered by iontophoresis.
PAGE was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s. In 1959, the groups of Davis and Ornstein [4] and of Raymond and Weintraub [5] independently published on the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate charged molecules. [5] The technique is widely accepted today, and remains a common protocol in molecular biology labs.
A nanogel is a polymer-based, crosslinked hydrogel particle on the sub-micron scale. [1] [2] [3] These complex networks of polymers present a unique opportunity in the field of drug delivery at the intersection of nanoparticles and hydrogel synthesis.