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Also, in rat liver, DNA single- and double-strand breaks, oxidized bases, and methylated bases increase with age; and in rabbit liver, cross-linked bases increase with age. [6] Liver cells depend on DNA repair pathways that specifically protect the transcribed compartment of the genome to promote sustained functionality and cell preservation ...
Cytology is the name given to the branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure and functionality of the cells. [1] Liver cytology specializes in the study of liver cells. The main liver cells are called hepatocytes ; however, there are other cells that can be observed in a liver sample such as Kupffer cells (macrophages). [ 2 ]
The gene coding for human SAA1 is one of the 4 SAA genes mapped to a region in the short arm on Chromosome 11. [12] Two of these genes, SAA1 and SAA2, are inducible during acute-phase response, whereas SAA3 is a pseudogene in humans [13] and SAA4 is constitutively expressed in a variety of tissues and cells. Single nucleotide polymorphisms ...
FOXA1 is a member of the forkhead domain transcription factor family. The forkhead domain is essential for its DNA-binding function, and consists of three alpha helices, three beta strands, and two loops (called "wings"). The domain binds along the DNA major groove and the wings directly contact the DNA. [9]
The HepaRG cells have been found to express major nuclear receptors, [5] as well as drug and bile acids transporters, [6] and key hepatic nuclear factors. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] They also possess functional levels of phase I (CYP (CYP1A1/2, CYP2B6, CYP2Cs, CYP3A4, etc.) and II (UGT1A1, GSTA1, GSTA4, GSTM1) drug metabolizing enzymes. [ 9 ]
Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta (HNF-3B), is a transcription factor that plays an important role during development, in mature tissues and, when dysregulated or mutated, also in cancer.
HNF-4α is a nuclear transcription factor that binds DNA as a homodimer. The encoded protein controls the expression of several genes, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of several hepatic genes. This gene plays a role in development of the liver, kidney, and intestines. Alternative ...
In mammals, the PPP occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm. In humans, it is found to be most active in the liver, mammary glands, and adrenal cortex. [citation needed] The PPP is one of the three main ways the body creates molecules with reducing power, accounting for approximately 60% of NADPH production in humans. [citation needed]