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Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.
The Peltier effect can be considered as the back-action counterpart to the Seebeck effect (analogous to the back-EMF in magnetic induction): if a simple thermoelectric circuit is closed, then the Seebeck effect will drive a current, which in turn (by the Peltier effect) will always transfer heat from the hot to the cold junction.
The typical efficiency of TEGs is around 5–8%, although it can be higher. Older devices used bimetallic junctions and were bulky. More recent devices use highly doped semiconductors made from bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3), lead telluride (PbTe), [10] calcium manganese oxide (Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8), [11] [12] or combinations thereof, [13] depending on application temperature.
Jean Charles Athanase Peltier [1] (English: / ʒ ɒ̃ / / ʃ ɑːr l / / ɑː t ɑː n ɑː z / / ˈ p ɛ l t i eɪ /; [2] French: [ʒɑ̃ ʃaʁl atanaz pɛltje]; 22 February 1785 – 27 October 1845) was a French physicist. He was originally a watch dealer, but at the age of 30 began experiments and observations in physics.
The efficiency of a thermoelectric device for electricity generation is given by , defined as =.. The maximum efficiency of a thermoelectric device is typically described in terms of its device figure of merit where the maximum device efficiency is approximately given by [7] = + ¯ + ¯ +, where is the fixed temperature at the hot junction, is the fixed temperature at the surface being cooled ...
Here, the hot side of the first Peltier cooler is cooled by the cold side of the second Peltier cooler, which is larger in size, whose hot side is in turn cooled by the cold side of an even larger Peltier cooler, and so on. [6] [7] [8] Efficiency drops very rapidly as more stages are added but for very small heat loads down to near-cryogenic ...
It was focused on thermoelectric cooling technology, value-added systems for the aerospace, defense, medical, industrial, automotive, power and defense sectors. [2] In 1991, Marlow Industries Incorporated received the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, an award created by the U.S. Congress and presented by the President. [2]
Thomas Johann Seebeck (1780–1831) discovered the thermoelectric effect in 1821. The symmetrical Peltier effect (Jean Charles Athanse Peltier, 1785–1845) uses an electric current to produce temperature differences. In the middle part of the twentieth century the thermo-electric generator was often used in place of galvanic batteries. [2]
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