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An Einstein Ring is a special case of gravitational lensing, caused by the exact alignment of the source, lens, and observer. This results in symmetry around the lens, causing a ring-like structure. [2] The geometry of a complete Einstein ring, as caused by a gravitational lens. The size of an Einstein ring is given by the Einstein radius.
The amount of gravitational lensing is described by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] If light is treated as corpuscles travelling at the speed of light , Newtonian physics also predicts the bending of light, but only half of that predicted by general relativity.
Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope have made precise tests of general relativity on galactic scales. The nearby galaxy ESO 325-G004 acts as a strong gravitational lens, distorting light from a distant galaxy behind it to create an Einstein ring around its centre. By comparing the mass of ESO 325-G004 (from ...
The main lens lies at redshift z = 0.222, with the inner ring at z = 0.609 with an Einstein radius R E = 1.43 ± 0.01" and magnitude m = 19.784 ± 0.006, the outer ring is at z ≲ 6.9 with R E = 2.07 ± 0.02" and magnitude m = 23.68 ± 0.09 [1] The lensing galaxy is also known as SDSSJ0946+1006 L1, with the nearer lensed galaxy as SDSSJ0946 ...
In weak lensing by large-scale structure, the thin-lens approximation may break down, and low-density extended structures may not be well approximated by multiple thin-lens planes. In this case, the deflection can be derived by instead assuming that the gravitational potential is slowly varying everywhere (for this reason, this approximation is ...
For a source right behind the lens, θ S = 0, the lens equation for a point mass gives a characteristic value for θ 1 that is called the Einstein angle, denoted θ E. When θ E is expressed in radians, and the lensing source is sufficiently far away, the Einstein Radius, denoted R E, is given by =. [2]
Gravitational lensing's modern theoretical framework was established with works by Yu Klimov (1963), Sidney Liebes (1964), and Sjur Refsdal (1964). [1] Gravitational lensing was first observed in 1979, in the form of a quasar lensed by a foreground galaxy.
General relativity also predicts novel effects of gravity, such as gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and an effect of gravity on time known as gravitational time dilation. Many of these predictions have been confirmed by experiment or observation, while others are the subject of ongoing research.