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For example, the Lisp expression (cons 1 2) constructs a cell holding 1 in its left half (the so-called car field) and 2 in its right half (the cdr field). In Lisp notation, the value (cons 1 2) looks like: (1 . 2) Note the dot between 1 and 2; this indicates that the S-expression is a "dotted pair" (a so-called "cons pair"), rather than a "list."
Lisp was originally implemented on the IBM 704 computer, in the late 1950s.. The popular explanation that CAR and CDR stand for "Contents of the Address Register" and "Contents of the Decrement Register" [1] does not quite match the IBM 704 architecture; the IBM 704 does not have a programmer-accessible address register and the three address modification registers are called "index registers ...
Following Lisp, other high-level programming languages which feature linked lists as primitive data structures have adopted an append. To append lists, as an operator, Haskell uses ++, OCaml uses @. Other languages use the + or ++ symbols to nondestructively concatenate a string, list, or array.
AutoLISP is a small, dynamically scoped, dynamically typed Lisp language dialect with garbage collection, immutable list structure, and settable symbols, lacking in such regular Lisp features as macro system, records definition facilities, arrays, functions with variable number of arguments or let bindings.
Many programming languages such as Lisp and Scheme have singly linked lists built in. In many functional languages, these lists are constructed from nodes, each called a cons or cons cell. The cons has two fields: the car, a reference to the data for that node, and the cdr, a reference to the next node. Although cons cells can be used to build ...
LISP 1, 1.5, LISP 2 (abandoned) Maclisp Interlisp MDL Lisp Machine Lisp Scheme R5RS R6RS R7RS small NIL ZIL (Zork Implementation Language) Franz Lisp Common Lisp ANSI standard Le Lisp MIT Scheme XLISP T Chez Scheme Emacs Lisp AutoLISP PicoLisp Gambit EuLisp ISLISP OpenLisp PLT Scheme Racket newLISP GNU Guile
This is a comparison of the features of the type systems and type checking of multiple programming languages.. Brief definitions A nominal type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible and/or equivalent based on explicit declarations and names.
The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative expressive power, but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences. [52]