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Most pencil cores are made of graphite powder mixed with a clay binder. Graphite pencils (traditionally known as "lead pencils") produce grey or black marks that are easily erased, but otherwise resistant to moisture, most solvents, ultraviolet radiation and natural aging.
Graphite is characterized by two main groups: natural and synthetic. Synthetic graphite is a high temperature sintered product and is characterized by its high purity of carbon (99.5−99.9%). Primary grade synthetic graphite can approach the good lubricity of quality natural graphite. Natural graphite is derived from mining.
A copying pencil, also an indelible pencil or chemical pencil, [1] is a pencil whose lead contains a dye. The lead is fabricated by adding a dry water-soluble permanent dye to powdered graphite—used in standard graphite pencils—before binding the mixture with clay. [2] [3]
From the 16th century, all pencils were made with leads of English natural graphite, but modern pencil lead is most commonly a mix of powdered graphite and clay; it was invented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795. [58] [59] It is chemically unrelated to the metal lead, whose ores had a similar appearance, hence the continuation of the name.
A mechanical pencil or clutch pencil is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead" / ˈ l ɛ d /. The lead , often made of graphite , is not bonded to the outer casing, and the user can mechanically extend it as its point is worn away from use.
The graphite in pencils is mixed with clay during fabrication of the "lead" to help hold its shape, and would only burn at greater than 1,000 °C (1,832 °F). [10] The quantity of graphite particles actually produced during occasional writing would be too small to constitute an electrical hazard.
Graphite, named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γράφειν (graphein, "to draw/write", for its use in pencils) is one of the most common allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is an electrical conductor. Thus, it can be used in, for instance, electrical arc lamp electrodes.
In 1802, the company patented the first pencil lead made from a combination of kaolin and graphite. In 1848, Joseph's sons, Karl and Ludwig, took over the family business, and the production was relocated to the Bohemian city of Budweis (České Budějovice, within the current Czech Republic). The products were given awards in many world ...
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