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The triple helix model of innovation refers to a set of interactions between academia (the university), industry and government, to foster economic and social development, as described in concepts such as the knowledge economy and knowledge society. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] In innovation helical framework theory, each sector is represented by a circle ...
Geographic information science (GIScience, GISc) or geoinformation science is a scientific discipline at the crossroads of computational science, social science, and natural science that studies geographic information, including how it represents phenomena in the real world, how it represents the way humans understand the world, and how it can be captured, organized, and analyzed.
Technical geography is the branch of geography that involves using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, understand, and communicate spatial information. [1][2][3][4] The other branches of geography, most commonly limited to human geography and physical geography, can usually apply the concepts and techniques of technical ...
Spatial inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income and resources across geographical regions. [1] Attributable to local differences in infrastructure, [2] geographical features (presence of mountains, coastlines, particular climates, etc.) and economies of agglomeration, [3] such inequality remains central to public policy discussions regarding economic inequality more broadly.
Educational Inequality is the unequal distribution of academic resources, including but not limited to school funding, qualified and experienced teachers, books, physical facilities and technologies, to socially excluded communities. These communities tend to be historically disadvantaged and oppressed.
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physics, biology, meteorology, mathematics and geography (including ecology, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography, and atmospheric science) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
Technology gap. Technology Gap Theory is a model developed by M.V. Posner in 1961, which describes an advantage enjoyed by the country that introduces new goods in a market. [1] The country will enjoy a comparative advantage as well as a temporary state of monopoly until other countries have achieved the ability to imitate the new good.
Critical geography is one variant of critical social science and the humanities that adopts Marx ’s thesis to interpret and change the world. Fay (1987) defines contemporary critical science as the effort to understand oppression in a society and use this understanding to promote societal change and liberation. [4]