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2. Floating-point arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic

   An early electromechanical programmable computer, the Z3, included floating-point arithmetic (replica on display at Deutsches Museum in Munich).. In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic that represents subsets of real numbers using an integer with a fixed precision, called the significand, scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base.

3. Division algorithm - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm

   A division algorithm is an algorithm which, given two integers N and D (respectively the numerator and the denominator), computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of Euclidean division. Some are applied by hand, while others are employed by digital circuit designs and software. Division algorithms fall into two main categories: slow ...

4. Floating-point unit - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit

   Floating-point unit. A floating-point unit (FPU, colloquially a math coprocessor) is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating-point numbers. [1] Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. Some FPUs can also perform various transcendental functions such as ...

5. Order of operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

   In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and an operation with a ...

6. Fixed-point arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic

   A fixed-point representation of a fractional number is essentially an integer that is to be implicitly multiplied by a fixed scaling factor. For example, the value 1.23 can be stored in a variable as the integer value 1230 with implicit scaling factor of 1/1000 (meaning that the last 3 decimal digits are implicitly assumed to be a decimal fraction), and the value 1 230 000 can be represented ...

7. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

   Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = be mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 53 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.

8. Double-precision floating-point format - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating...

   Double-precision binary floating-point is a commonly used format on PCs, due to its wider range over single-precision floating point, in spite of its performance and bandwidth cost. It is commonly known simply as double. The IEEE 754 standard specifies a binary64 as having: Sign bit: 1 bit. Exponent: 11 bits.

9. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

   Exponentiation is written as bn, where b is the base and n is the power; this is pronounced as " b (raised) to the (power of) n ". 1 When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, bn is the product of multiplying n bases: 1.