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In matrix theory, Sylvester's formula or Sylvester's matrix theorem (named after J. J. Sylvester) or Lagrange−Sylvester interpolation expresses an analytic function f(A) of a matrix A as a polynomial in A, in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A. [1] [2] It states that [3]
Given two square complex matrices A and B, of size n and m, and a matrix C of size n by m, then one can ask when the following two square matrices of size n + m are similar to each other: [] and []. The answer is that these two matrices are similar exactly when there exists a matrix X such that AX − XB = C .
In convex optimization, a linear matrix inequality (LMI) is an expression of the form ():= + + + + where = [, =, …,] is a real vector,,,, …, are symmetric matrices, is a generalized inequality meaning is a positive semidefinite matrix belonging to the positive semidefinite cone + in the subspace of symmetric matrices .
The resulting identity is one of the most commonly used in mathematics. Among many uses, it gives a simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables. The proof holds in any commutative ring. Conversely, if this identity holds in a ring R for all pairs of elements a and b, then R is commutative. To see this, apply the distributive law to ...
To establish whether a form h(x) is SOS amounts to solving a convex optimization problem. Indeed, any h(x) can be written as = {} ′ (+ ()) {} where {} is a vector containing a base for the forms of degree m in x (such as all monomials of degree m in x), the prime ′ denotes the transpose, H is any symmetric matrix satisfying = {} ′ {} and () is a linear parameterization of the linear ...
Similar to equation solving, inequation solving means finding what values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) fulfill a condition stated in the form of an inequation or a conjunction of several inequations. These expressions contain one or more unknowns, which are free variables for which values are sought that cause the condition to be fulfilled ...
This was also the first time Singapore hosted a Formula One race, as the last Singapore Grand Prix was a Formula Libre event in 1973. The 61-lap race was won by Fernando Alonso for the Renault team from 15th on the grid after his teammate deliberately crashed on lap 14 to bring out the safety car after his first pit stop.
If α is the zero function and u is non-negative, then Grönwall's inequality implies that u is the zero function. The integrability of u with respect to μ is essential for the result. For a counterexample, let μ denote Lebesgue measure on the unit interval [0, 1], define u(0) = 0 and u(t) = 1/t for t ∈ (0, 1], and let α be the zero function.