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The standard for diagnosis of aortic stenosis is non-invasive testing with echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization is reserved for cases in which there is a discrepancy between the clinical picture and non-invasive testing, due to risks inherent to crossing the aortic valve, such as stroke. [7]
Another important cause of aortic stenosis is chronic rheumatic fever, which can cause repeated inflammation and repair, leading to fibrosis. In this case, the leaflets can actually fuse together, called commissural fusion, which can be an important distinction from the type caused by mechanical stress over time.
Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal.
Aortic stenosis can also be caused by rheumatic fever and degenerative calcification. [7] The most common congenital heart defect is the bicuspid aortic valve (fusion of two cusps together) commonly found in Turner syndrome .
Mitral stenosis is almost always caused by rheumatic heart disease. [16] Less than 10% of aortic stenosis is caused by rheumatic heart disease. [15] [16] Rheumatic fever can also cause chronic mitral and aortic regurgitation. [16]
Rheumatic fever can be prevented by effectively and promptly treating strep throat with antibiotics. [45] Globally, rheumatic fever is seen in populations that are socioeconomically disadvantaged and with limited access to health care. [46] Overcrowding [46] [47] and exposure to domestic air pollution [47] have been cited as associated risk ...
**Valvular aortic stenosis can produce a harsh, or even a musical murmur over the right second intercostal space which radiates into the neck over the two carotid arteries. The most common cause of AS (Aortic stenosis) is calcified valves due to aging. The second most common cause is congenital bicuspid aortic valves (normal valve is tricuspid).
Marantic vegetations are often associated with previous rheumatic fever. Other risk factors include: [citation needed] hypercoagulable states; malignant cancers, especially mucin-producing adenocarcinomas (most commonly associated with pancreatic adenocarcinomas) systemic lupus erythematosus: Referred to as Libman-Sacks endocarditis
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