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Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development or variations in sex characteristics (VSC), [2] [3] are congenital conditions affecting the reproductive system, in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. [4]
Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental. [2] The disabilities can range from mild to severe. [6] Birth defects are divided into two main types: structural disorders in which problems are seen with the shape of a body part and functional disorders in which problems exist with how a body part ...
Sexual anomalies, also known as sexual abnormalities, are a set of clinical conditions due to chromosomal, gonadal and/or genitalia variation.Individuals with congenital (inborn) discrepancy between sex chromosome, gonadal, and their internal and external genitalia are categorised as individuals with a disorder of sex development (DSD). [1]
Congenital amputation is birth without a limb or limbs, or without a part of a limb or limbs.. It is known to be caused by blood clots forming in the fetus while in utero (vascular insult) and from amniotic band syndrome: fibrous bands of the amnion that constrict fetal limbs to such an extent that they fail to form or actually fall off due to missing blood supply.
See Triplet-birth with Uterus didelphys for a case of a woman having spontaneous birth in both wombs with twins. Class IV— Bicornuate uterus (uterus with two horns). Only the upper part of that part of the Müllerian system that forms the uterus fails to fuse, thus the caudal part of the uterus is normal, the cranial part is bifurcated.
This compression can cause many physical deformities of the fetus, most common of which is Potter facies. Lower extremity anomalies are frequent in these cases, which often present with clubbed feet and/or bowing of the legs. Sirenomelia, or "Mermaid syndrome" (which occurs approximately in 1:45,000 births) [3] can also present.
Caudal regression syndrome, or sacral agenesis (or hypoplasia of the sacrum), is a rare birth defect. It is a congenital disorder in which the fetal development of the lower spine—the caudal partition of the spine—is abnormal. [1] It occurs at a rate of approximately one per 60,000 live births. [2]
Polydactyly is a birth defect that results in extra fingers or toes. [2] The hands are more commonly involved than the feet. [2] Extra fingers may be painful, affect self-esteem, or result in clumsiness. [3] It is associated with at least 39 genetic mutations. [4] It may either present alone or with other defects. [2] Cases may run in families. [2]