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Dedicated to the discrete logarithm in (/) where is a prime, index calculus leads to a family of algorithms adapted to finite fields and to some families of elliptic curves. The algorithm collects relations among the discrete logarithms of small primes, computes them by a linear algebra procedure and finally expresses the desired discrete ...
Alternatively one can use Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms, which has about the same running time as the baby-step giant-step algorithm, but only a small memory requirement. While this algorithm is credited to Daniel Shanks, who published the 1971 paper in which it first appears, a 1994 paper by Nechaev [ 3 ] states that it was known to ...
In mathematics, the logarithm to base b is the inverse function of exponentiation with base b. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 10 3, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log 10 (1000) = 3.
Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d.
To find out the size of a step for a certain number of frequencies per decade, raise 10 to the power of the inverse of the number of steps: What is the step size for 30 steps per decade? 10 1 / 30 = 1.079775 {\displaystyle 10^{1/30}=1.079775} – or each step is 7.9775% larger than the last.
Steps of the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm. In group theory, the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm, sometimes credited as the Silver–Pohlig–Hellman algorithm, [1] is a special-purpose algorithm for computing discrete logarithms in a finite abelian group whose order is a smooth integer.
Analogously, in any group G, powers b k can be defined for all integers k, and the discrete logarithm log b a is an integer k such that b k = a. In number theory , the more commonly used term is index : we can write x = ind r a (mod m ) (read "the index of a to the base r modulo m ") for r x ≡ a (mod m ) if r is a primitive root of m and gcd ...
Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms is an algorithm introduced by John Pollard in 1978 to solve the discrete logarithm problem, ...
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