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However, not all of them are safe to use during pregnancy. One of the components of bismuth subsalicylate is salicylate, which is a component that crosses the placenta. Due to this, there is an increased risk for intrauterine growth retardation, fetal hemorrhage, and maternal hemorrhage within organogenesis and in the second/third trimester. [ 12 ]
Nonoxynol-9 is a common ingredient of most vaginal and anal lubricants due to its spermicidal properties. A 2004 study found that over a six-month period, the typical-use failure rates for five nonoxynol-9 vaginal contraceptives (film, suppository, and gels at three different concentrations) ranged from 10% to 20%.
A suppository is a dosage form used to deliver medications by insertion into a body orifice (any opening in the body), where it dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic effects. There are three types of suppositories, each to insert into a different sections: rectal suppositories into the rectum , vaginal suppositories into the vagina ...
Promethazine is preferred during pregnancy because it is an older drug and there is more data regarding the use of it during pregnancy. Second-choice medications, which are used if Promethazine isn't tolerated or the patient cannot take it, are metoclopramide or prochlorperazine. [15] [13]
Onset of action: 12–72 hours (oral), 0.25–1 hour (rectal) Examples: glycerin suppositories (Hallens), sorbitol , lactulose , and polyethylene glycol ( PEG - Colyte, MiraLax) [ 12 ] Lactulose works by the osmotic effect, which retains water in the colon; lowering the pH through bacterial fermentation to lactic, formic, and acetic acids; and ...
A suppository, a solid drug delivery system inserted into the rectum, where it dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic effects. A micro-enema, a small amount (usually less than 10 millilitres) of a liquid-drug solution injected into the rectum.
Use appears to be safe during pregnancy. [9] [3] It is classified as an osmotic laxative: [4] It works by increasing the amount of water in the stool. [5] Macrogol came into use as a bowel prep in 1980 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999. [10] [11] [12] It is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
Formulation methods include vaginal tablets, vaginal cream, vaginal gel, [4] [medical citation needed] vaginal suppository and vaginal ring. It is used as an administration method for issues related to women's health, such as contraception. [5]