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An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. The overall reaction equation is as follows (where the Rs can be H)
This net reaction can also be described as follows: [PdCl 4] 2 − + C 2 H 4 + H 2 O → CH 3 CHO + Pd + 2 HCl + 2 Cl −. This conversion is followed by reactions that regenerate the Pd(II) catalyst: Pd + 2 CuCl 2 + 2 Cl − → [PdCl 4] 2− + 2 CuCl 2 CuCl + 1 / 2 O 2 + 2 HCl → 2 CuCl 2 + H 2 O. Only the alkene and oxygen are consumed.
Triphenylphosphine is produced industrially by the reaction between phosphorus trichlorid, chlorobenzene, and sodium: [13] PCl 3 + 3 PhCl + 6 Na → PPh 3 + 6 NaCl, where Ph = C 6 H 5. Under controlled conditions or especially with bulky R groups, similar reactions afford less substituted derivatives such as chlorodiisopropylphosphine.
Hydroformylation of an alkene (R 1 to R 3 organyl groups (i. e. alkyl-or aryl group) or hydrogen). In organic chemistry, hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes (R−CH=O) from alkenes (R 2 C=CR 2).
The final elimination of oxaphosphetanes 4a and 4b yield (E)-alkene 5 and (Z)-alkene 6, with the by-product being a dialkyl-phosphate. The mechanism of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction The ratio of alkene isomers 5 and 6 is not dependent upon the stereochemical outcome of the initial carbanion addition and upon the ability of the ...
The reaction equation for hydration of ethylene is: H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O→ H 3 C-CH 2 OH Example of hydrohalogenation: addition of HBr to an alkene. Hydrohalogenation involves addition of H−X to unsaturated hydrocarbons. This reaction results in new C−H and C−X σ bonds. The formation of the intermediate carbocation is selective and ...
Wilkinson's catalyst also catalyzes many other hydrofunctionalization reactions including hydroacylation, hydroboration, and hydrosilylation of alkenes. [14] Hydroborations have been studied with catecholborane and pinacolborane. [15] It is also active for the hydrosilylation of alkenes. [16]
Wittig reactions are most commonly used to convert aldehydes and ketones to alkenes. [1] [2] [3] Most often, the Wittig reaction is used to introduce a methylene group using methylenetriphenylphosphorane (Ph 3 P=CH 2). Using this reagent, even a sterically hindered ketone such as camphor can be converted to its methylene derivative.