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The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
Staging of breast cancer is one aspect of breast cancer classification that assists in making appropriate treatment choices, when considered along with other classification aspects such as estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor levels in the cancer tissue, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, menopausal status, and the ...
This is a list of major breast cancer cell lines that are primarily used in breast cancer research. [Notes 1] List of cell lines. Cell line Primary tumor
Cancer stem cells in breast tumors were first discovered in 2003. [6] There are different theories exist on the origins of these cells. There are findings that indicates that normal cells undergo mutations which result in their transformation into BCSCs, [7] while there are also studies which concluded that these cells come from the misplacement of somatic stem cells de novo.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 14 January 2025. Cancer that originates in mammary glands Medical condition Breast cancer An illustration of breast cancer Specialty Surgical Oncology Symptoms A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on ...
Triple-negative breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer acts aggressively, grows quickly, spreads further and is more likely to return, the American Cancer Society says. It often occurs in ...
3D medical illustration depicting the TNM stages in breast cancer. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).
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