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A person experiencing TGA has memory impairment; with an inability to remember events or people from the past few minutes, hours or days (retrograde amnesia) and has working memory of only the past few minutes or less, thus they cannot retain new information or form new memories beyond that period of time (anterograde amnesia). [4]
Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases, [1] but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused. [2] There are two main types of amnesia:
Korsakoff syndrome (KS) [1] is a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by amnesia, deficits in explicit memory, and confabulation.This neurological disorder is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B 1) in the brain, and it is typically associated with and exacerbated by the prolonged, excessive ingestion of alcohol. [2]
Memory loss, the most common cognitive impairment among head-injured people, occurs in 20–79% of people with closed head trauma, depending on severity. [10] Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), a confusional state with impaired memory, [ 11 ] is characterized by loss of specific memories or the partial inability to form or store new ones.
Damage to the limbic system involves loss or damage to memory, and may include: [citation needed] loss or confusion of long-term memory prior to focal neuropathy (retrograde amnesia) inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) loss of, or reduced emotions ; loss of olfactory functions; loss of decision-making ability
The neurological cause of psychogenic amnesia is controversial. [5] [7] Even in cases of organic amnesia, where there is lesion or structural damage to the brain, caution must still be taken in defining causation, as only damage to areas of the brain crucial to memory processing is possible to result in memory impairment. [7]
Drug-induced amnesia is amnesia caused by drugs. Amnesia may be therapeutic for medical treatment or for medical procedures, or it may be a side-effect of a drug, such as alcohol, or certain medications for psychiatric disorders, such as benzodiazepines. [1] It is seen also with slow acting parenteral general anaesthetics. [citation needed]
A person experiencing a TEA episode has very little short-term memory, so that there is profound difficulty remembering events in the past few minutes (anterograde amnesia), or of events in the hours before the onset of the attack, and even memories of important events in recent years may not be accessible during the amnestic event (retrograde amnesia). [6]