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The disastrous end of the revolt occasioned major changes in Jewish religious thought. Jewish messianism was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben-Kusiba", a derogatory term used to indicate that he was a false Messiah.
During the revolt, the Jewish sage Rabbi Akiva regarded Simon as the Jewish messiah; the Talmud records his statement that the Star Prophecy verse from Numbers 24:17: [10] "There shall come a star out of Jacob," [11] referred to him, based on identification of the Hebrew word for star, kokhav, and his name, bar Kozeva.
[167] [168] Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, major centers of Jewish learning emerged in the Galilee and Babylonia, where scholars compiled the foundational texts of rabbinic Judaism: the Mishnah (early 3rd century) and later, the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds, which became primary sources of Jewish law and religious guidance. [169] [170]
The term "Diaspora Revolt" (115–117 CE; [1] Hebrew: מרד הגלויות, romanized: mered ha-galuyot, or מרד התפוצות, mered ha-tfutzot, 'rebellion of the diaspora'; Latin: Tumultus Iudaicus [2]), also known as the Trajanic Revolt [3] and sometimes as the Second Jewish–Roman War, [a] [4] refers to a series of uprisings that occurred in Jewish diaspora communities across the ...
Ancient Jewish sources date it to 52 years after Vespasian's war (66–73 CE) and 16 years before the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136). The Kitos War occurred amid the broader Diaspora Revolt of 115–117, which saw Jewish uprisings across the Roman East, including Egypt , Libya , Cyprus , and Mesopotamia .
The revolt lasted for three years, and initially the rebels achieved great success, even gaining the support of the sages of the generation, led by Rabbi Akiva. As time passed, the revolt was crushed. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed, and the Jewish community in the Land of Israel was destroyed.
The Roman Empire was under the rule of Emperor Hadrian, and after 138, Antonius Pius. During the middle of the decade, Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba led a large-scale armed rebellion against the Romans in Judea, known as the Bar Kokhba revolt. This was the last of the major Jewish–Roman wars. However, the revolt was quelled in 135 by the ...
In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian renames the province of Judea to Syria Palaestina, and attempts to root out Judaism. 136 Rabbi Akiva is martyred. 138 With Emperor Hadrian's death, the persecution of Jews within the Roman Empire is eased and Jews are allowed to visit Jerusalem on Tisha B ...